Metabolosomes: Difference between revisions

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{{OrganelleInfoBox
{{OrganelleInfoBox
| organelle = Metabolosomes
| organelle = Metabolosomes
| icon =  
| icon = MetabolosomeIcon.png
| image =  
| image = MetabolosomeOrganelle.png
| cost = 45
| cost = 45
| requiresNucleus = No
| requiresNucleus = No
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}}
}}


Metabolosmoes perform '''Protein Respiration''', a form of '''Aerobic Respiration''' inferior to that of [[Mitochondrion|Mitochondria]]. It is the conversion of '''Glucose''' into '''ATP''' with the use of '''Oxygen'''.
'''Metabolosomes''' perform '''Protein Respiration''', a form of '''Aerobic Respiration''' inferior to that of '''[[Mitochondrion|Mitochondria]]'''. It is the conversion of '''Glucose''' {{CompoundIcon|image=GlucoseIcon.png|internalName=glucose}} into '''ATP''' {{CompoundIcon|image=ATPIcon.png|internalName=atp}} with the use of '''Oxygen''' {{CompoundIcon|image=OxygenIcon.png|internalName=oxygen}}.


== Requirements ==
== Requirements ==
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== Processes ==
== Processes ==


'''Protein Respiration''': '''Glucose''' → '''ATP''' @ '''Oxygen'''
'''Protein Respiration''': '''Glucose''' {{CompoundIcon|image=GlucoseIcon.png|internalName=glucose}} + '''Oxygen''' {{CompoundIcon|image=OxygenIcon.png|internalName=oxygen}} → '''ATP''' {{CompoundIcon|image=ATPIcon.png|internalName=atp}}


Protein Respiration is a method of energy production performed by Metabolosomes. An input of glucose is needed for this to take place, and the rate of the process scales with the amount of environmental Oxygen.
A method of energy production, superior to that in '''[[Cytoplasm]]''' but inferior to '''[[Mitochondrion|Mitochondria]]'''. Requires a steady influx of '''Glucose''' {{CompoundIcon|image=GlucoseIcon.png|internalName=glucose}}. Rate scales with the concentration of environmental '''Oxygen''' {{CompoundIcon|image=OxygenIcon.png|internalName=oxygen}}.


== Modifications ==
== Modifications ==
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== Strategy ==
== Strategy ==


TBA
In many ways, '''Metabolosomes''' are an extension of '''[[Cytoplasm]]'''. A playstyle that works for the starting cell (LUCA) is likely to work for a cell built from '''Metabolosomes''' – simply gather '''Glucose''' {{CompoundIcon|image=GlucoseIcon.png|internalName=glucose}} from the environment. The difference is increased efficiency that can support more organelles with wider functions, such as '''[[Perforator Pilus|Perforator Pili]]''' or '''[[Flagellum|Flagella]]'''.


== Scientific Background ==
However, natural '''Glucose''' {{CompoundIcon|image=GlucoseIcon.png|internalName=glucose}} concentrations in the environment decrease over the course of the game, so it may be advisable to switch to new food sources later on.


Unlike eukaryotes, prokaryotes do not have membrane-bound organelles. In other words, their organelles do not have membranes. Instead, prokaryotes like bacteria construct compartments out of proteins. A metabolosome is an example of such a compartment, officially referred to as a bacterial microcompartment (BMC). BMCs are composed of a polyhedral protein shell around 100-200 nm large that looks similar to a virus capsid. The proteins that make up the shell typically have (semipermeable) pores that allow different compounds (substrates and products) in and out of the organelle. They concentrate enzymes and proteins involved in specific metabolic processes in one spot, ensuring their success. The protein shell also acts as a physical barrier, allowing BMCs to conduct metabolic reactions that create toxic or unstable intermediate compounds.  
Once a cell evolves a '''[[Nucleus]]''', it's advisable to replace '''Metabolosomes''' with their eukaryotic equivalent, '''[[Mitochondrion|Mitochondria]]''', since these are much more efficient.


Metabolosomes are a catabolic type of BMC, and are involved in the degradation of different carbon sources such as glycerol and amino acids. There is no clear evidence that the process of breaking down glucose takes place in metabolosomes, however it is not unreasonable to assume that it could do so.
== Scientific Background ==
 
 
==Aerobic cellular respiration (glucose -> ATP)==
 
The actual process of breaking down glucose for energy takes place in several steps in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The only difference is where some of the enzymes are located and organized. Below is a summary of the various reactions with the full names of the molecules and the chemical formulas/abbreviations. 
 
 
 
 
'''Glycolysis [1]:'''
Glycolysis takes place in several steps, catalyzed by 10 different enzymes with 11 intermediate compounds. The end result is one glucose produces two pyruvate molecules, two ATP molecules and two NADH molecules (which are later converted to 4-5 ATP molecules).
 
The net reaction looks like this:
[[File:Glycolysis net reaction formula.png|500px|Figure 1: The carbon molecules are bold and the ATP produced is highlighted in green]]
 
The net reaction with the full names for the different molecules above:
 
''Glucose + 2 Adenosine DiPhosphate + 2 Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide + 2 inorganic Phosphate → 2 pyruvate + 2 Adenosin TriPhosphate + 2 Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Hydrated + 2 water''
 
The chemical structures look like this:
 
[[File:Glycolysis net reaction.png|1000px|The chemical structures for the different compounds in the net reaction for glycolysis]]
 
If you'd  like to learn more about glycolysis, visit https://www.tuscany-diet.net/2018/02/06/glycolysis/. The full glycolysis reaction:
[[File:Glycolysis full.png|400px|The full glycolysis reaction with all intermediates (the chemical structures) and enzymes as well as substituents (ATP, ADP, H2O etc) included.]]
 
'''Linker reaction [2]:'''
 
''2 Pyruvate + 2 Coenzyme A + 2 Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide + 2 inorganic Phosphate → 2 pyruvate + 2 Adenosin TriPhosphate + 2 Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Hydrated + 2 water''
 
[[File:Linker reaction.png|The linker reaction between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle/krebs cycle. Converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA.]]
 
''
Rough draft''
 
2〖H_3 C〗_3 O^(-3)+2CoA SH+2NAD^+→2 acetyl CoA+2NADH+2CO_2
 
Krebs cycle [3]:
2 acetyl CoA+6NAD^++2FAD+2GDP+〖2P〗_i+2ADP+ 4H_2 O→2 CoA SH+ 6NADH+ 2FADH_2+4H^++2GTP+ 4〖CO〗_2
 
Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation [4]:


(2+2+6)(NADH+H^++〖1/2 O〗_2 )+2(FADH_2+1/2 O_2 )+2GTP→10×2.5ATP+5O_2+2×1.5ATP+O_2+2ATP
Unlike eukaryotes, prokaryote organelles do not have membranes. Instead, prokaryotes like bacteria construct compartments out of proteins. A '''Metabolosome''' is an example of such a compartment, officially referred to as a Bacterial MicroCompartment (BMC). BMCs consist of a polyhedral protein shell around 100-200 nm in size that looks similar to a virus capsid. The proteins that make up the shell typically have (semi-permeable) pores that allow different compounds (substrates and products) in and out of the organelle. They concentrate enzymes and proteins involved in specific metabolic processes in one spot, ensuring their success. The protein shell also acts as a physical barrier, allowing BMCs to conduct metabolic reactions that create toxic or unstable intermediate compounds.


Total ATP produced:
'''Metabolosomes''' are a catabolic type of BMC, and are involved in the degradation of different carbon sources such as glycerol and amino acids. There is no clear evidence that the process of breaking down '''Glucose''' {{CompoundIcon|image=GlucoseIcon.png|internalName=glucose}} takes place in metabolosomes, however it is not unreasonable to assume that it could do so.
2ATP+25ATP+3ATP+2ATP=32ATP
The actual process of breaking down glucose for energy takes place in several steps in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The only difference is where some of the enzymes are located and organized.


Although the actual maximum amount of ATP possible varies between species and tissues due to differences in the amount of hydrogens pumped across the mitochondrial membrane by the electron transport chain. In other words, the amount of ATP generated per NADH and FADH2 molecule depends on the species. The total amount is commonly stated as being between 36-38 ATP.
Read more on this organelle's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_microcompartment#Metabolosomes%3A_aldehyde_oxidation Wikipedia page].

Latest revision as of 23:22, 23 February 2024

Organelle Details
Metabolosomes
MetabolosomeIcon.png
MetabolosomeOrganelle.png
Base Cost (MP) 45
Requires Nucleus No
Processes Protein Respiration
Enzymes None
Size (Hexes) 1
Osmoregulation Cost 1
Storage 0.5
Unique No
Upgrades None
Internal Name metabolosome

Metabolosomes perform Protein Respiration, a form of Aerobic Respiration inferior to that of Mitochondria. It is the conversion of Glucose glucose into ATP atp with the use of Oxygen oxygen.

Requirements

No requirements

Processes

Protein Respiration: Glucose glucose + Oxygen oxygen → ATP atp

A method of energy production, superior to that in Cytoplasm but inferior to Mitochondria. Requires a steady influx of Glucose glucose. Rate scales with the concentration of environmental Oxygen oxygen.

Modifications

No modifications.

Effects

No effects.

Upgrades

No upgrades.

Strategy

In many ways, Metabolosomes are an extension of Cytoplasm. A playstyle that works for the starting cell (LUCA) is likely to work for a cell built from Metabolosomes – simply gather Glucose glucose from the environment. The difference is increased efficiency that can support more organelles with wider functions, such as Perforator Pili or Flagella.

However, natural Glucose glucose concentrations in the environment decrease over the course of the game, so it may be advisable to switch to new food sources later on.

Once a cell evolves a Nucleus, it's advisable to replace Metabolosomes with their eukaryotic equivalent, Mitochondria, since these are much more efficient.

Scientific Background

Unlike eukaryotes, prokaryote organelles do not have membranes. Instead, prokaryotes like bacteria construct compartments out of proteins. A Metabolosome is an example of such a compartment, officially referred to as a Bacterial MicroCompartment (BMC). BMCs consist of a polyhedral protein shell around 100-200 nm in size that looks similar to a virus capsid. The proteins that make up the shell typically have (semi-permeable) pores that allow different compounds (substrates and products) in and out of the organelle. They concentrate enzymes and proteins involved in specific metabolic processes in one spot, ensuring their success. The protein shell also acts as a physical barrier, allowing BMCs to conduct metabolic reactions that create toxic or unstable intermediate compounds.

Metabolosomes are a catabolic type of BMC, and are involved in the degradation of different carbon sources such as glycerol and amino acids. There is no clear evidence that the process of breaking down Glucose glucose takes place in metabolosomes, however it is not unreasonable to assume that it could do so. The actual process of breaking down glucose for energy takes place in several steps in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The only difference is where some of the enzymes are located and organized.

Read more on this organelle's Wikipedia page.

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